Hypercalcemia in Dogs

Behind the thyroid gland in the neck, there lie four parathyroid glands which secrete the hormone the body needs to regulate calcium and phosphorus. Parathyroid hormone and vitamin D interactions work to release calcium from the bones, gut, and kidneys for deposit into the bloodstream. When these interactions are disturbed, or when cancerous cells secrete hormones that interfere with calcium regulation, hypercalcemia can result. Hypercalcemia is characterized by an abnormally high amount of calcium in the blood. A dog is considered hypercalcemic when its total serum calcium is greater than 11.5 mg/dL.

Symptoms and Types

• Increased urination
• Increased thirst
• Lack of appetite (anorexia)
• Vomiting
• Decreased gastrointestinal function
• Constipation
• Lack of energy/fatigue/lethargy
• Confusion
• Depression
• Enlarged lymph nodes (swelling in neck)
• Bladder stones
• Hypertension
• Stupor and coma in severe cases

Causes

• Abnormal or over functioning of the parathyroid gland (hyperparathyroidism)
• Cancer or tumors
• Bone deteriorating diseases
• Kidney failure – sudden or long-term
• Under-functioning adrenal glands
• Vitamin D poisoning: from rodenticides, plants, or food (supplements included)
• Aluminum toxicity

Diagnosis

Your veterinarian will perform a complete physical exam, with a blood chemistry profile, a complete blood count, and a urinalysis. While a high serum is crucial to the diagnosis of hypercalcemia, the results of the other tests will help to indicate the origin of the hypercalcemia.

Radiograph and ultrasound imaging can also be used for diagnosing underlying conditions, such as kidney disease, bladder stones, or cancer. Fine needle aspirates (liquids) from the lymph nodes and bone marrow can be used for diagnoses of lymphoma, or cancer of the blood.

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A gland found in the neck of humans and animals that secretes glands responsible for metabolic rate, calcitonin, and others.

An in-depth examination of the properties of urine; used to determine the presence or absence of illness

The name for four glands that are located on the top of the thyroid gland that help to regulate the amount of calcium in the blood

Small structures that filter out the lymph and store lymphocytes

The condition of being drowsy, listless, or weak

The digestive tract containing the stomach and intestine

A term for a type of neoplasm that is made up of lymphoid tissue; these masses are usually malignant in nature

Article source: http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/endocrine/c_multi_hypercalcemia

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Hypernatremia in Cats

Hypernatremia is the term used to denote abnormally high levels of sodium in blood. A vital electrolyte, sodium is involved in many critical bodily functions, including maintaining blood pressure, blood volume, maintain the delicate acid/base balance in the body, as well as play a role in the transmission of nerve impulses (signals) within nerves.

A common source of sodium is table salt (NaCl). Due to the presence of chloride (Cl) in NaCl, chloride derangements are commonly seen along with sodium.

If not treated quickly, hypernatremia can lead to severe consequences for the health of your cat.

Symptoms and Types

• Increased thirst (polydipsia) and consumption of water
• Confusion and disorientation
• Coma
• Seizures
• Other symptoms may be related to underlying cause

Causes

• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• High water loss through urine (as seen with diabetes)
• Intravenous fluid therapy containing NaCl
• Lower water intake
• High oral sodium intake (rare)

Diagnosis

Your veterinarian will take a detailed history of your cat, including a history of any previous medical treatment. He or she will then perform a complete physical examination. Routine laboratory tests include: complete blood count, biochemistry profile, and urinalysis, which will reveal high levels of sodium along with other abnormalities. For cats with diabetes, urinalysis will reveal changes in urine, including low sodium levels. More specific testing for diagnosis of underlying diseases may need to be carried out.

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The prediction of a disease’s outcome in advance

An in-depth examination of the properties of urine; used to determine the presence or absence of illness

A medical condition involving excessive thirst

A bundle of fibers that are used in the process of sending impulses through the body

High levels of sodium in the blood

The amount of pressure applied by the blood on the arteries.

Article source: http://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/cardiovascular/c_ct_hypernatremia

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Hypopyon and Lipid Flare in Dogs

An inflammatory breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier that allows for entry of blood cells into the front (anterior) chamber of the eye, further allowing for an accumulation of white blood cells in this this chamber, is characteristic of a condition known as hypopyon. Chemoattractants, the chemical substances that influence the migration of cells, can act as a conveyor for this cellular movement. The cells often settle in place because of gravity, forming a fluid line in the lower front chamber of the eye.

Lipid flare, on the other hand, resembles hypopyon, but the clouded appearance of the anterior chamber is caused by a high concentration of lipids (the fatty substance in the cells) in the aqueous humor (the thick watery substance between the eye’s lens and cornea). It requires a breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier and concurrent hyperlipidemia (an elevation of lipids in the blood stream) to occur. There is no age, gender or breed predilection.

Symptoms

Hypopyon

• White to yellow opacity within the anterior chamber
• May be an accumulation of cells in the lower area, or it may completely fill the anterior chamber
• Concurrent ophthalmic signs can include:
  • Blepharospasm (twitching of the eye)
  • Epiphora (excessive tear production)
  • Diffuse corneal swelling
  • Aqueous flare
  • Miosis (constriction of the pupil of the eye)
  • Swelling of the iris
  • Vision loss/blindness

 Lipid flare

• Diffuse milky appearance of the anterior chamber
• Usually obscures visualization of structures within the eye
• Concurrent ophthalmic signs may include:
  • Vision loss
  • Mild blepharospasm (twitching)
  • Mild to moderate diffuse corneal swelling

Causes

Hypopyon

Any underlying condition which causes uveitis – inflammation of the middle layer of the eye – can result in hypopyon. Most commonly, hypopyon is associated with severe forms of uveitis, but hypopyon can also result from tumor cell accumulation in cases that involve ocular lymphoma (eye tumors).

Lipid Flare
Lipid flare often results from a condition of hyperlipidemia (raised or abnormal levels of lipids – the fatty substance of the bloodstream – in the blood stream), and concurrent breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier (due to uveitis). Hyperlipidemia may also destabilize the blood-aqueous barrier directly. High levels of lipids in the circulating blood following a meal (postprandial lipemia) may occasionally result in the appearance of lipemic aqueous if uveitis is present.

Diagnosis

Your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical and ocular examination on your dog, taking into account the background history of symptoms and possible incidents that might have led to this condition.

Hypopyon may be diagnosed by the presence of fibrin (the protein end product of coagulated blood) in the anterior chamber – generally forms an irregular clot, not a ventrally located horizontal line.

Lipid flare will need to be differentiated from severe aqueous flare, which does not appear as milky/white as lipid flare. Dogs that are affected with severe aqueous flare generally exhibit much more ocular pain than animals with lipid flare.

Diffuse corneal edema, a severe corneal edema, may be confused with anterior chamber opacity, but corneal stromal (connective tissue) thickening, keratoconus (degenerative non-inflammatory disorder of the eye), and corneal bullae (fluid-filled blister) are more typically noted with diffuse corneal edema than with hypopyon or lipid flare.

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Anything having to do with the eye

A term for a type of neoplasm that is made up of lymphoid tissue; these masses are usually malignant in nature

Anything having to do with the eye or care of the eye

The prediction of a disease’s outcome in advance

A medical condition in which the uvea becomes inflamed.

A medical condition in which there is a great deal of fat in the blood

Occurs after eating

A condition of the blood in which the fat levels are high

Term used to refer to the liquid that gives nourishment to the structures inside the rear segment of an animal’s eye.

Veterinary term used to indicate the space behind the cornea of the eye and in front of the iris; contains liquid.

A condition of an animal involving involuntary spasms of the eyelid.

The collection of fluid in the tissue

In veterinary terms, used to refer to the front of the body.

A disorder that has resulted from intraocular pressure

The colored layer around the pupil

Article source: http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/eyes/c_dg_hypopyon_lipid_flare

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Proteinuria in Cats

While in some cases abnormally high protein levels in the urine can be attributed to the diet and easily modified, other cases are represented by a more serious underlying medical condition. Proteinuria is one of those cases and is detected through a urine test.

Proteinuria can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn how this disease affects dogs, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.

Symptoms and Types

Other than the abnormally high protein levels in the urine, there are often no symptoms associated with proteinuria. In some cases, however, blood may be present in the cat’s urine.

Causes

There are a number of risk factors to having a high level of protein in the urine, including:

• Hypertension
• Chronic infection
• Inflammation of the kidneys
• Scar tissue in the kidneys
• Lipemia
• Blood or pus in the urine (hemouria and pyuria, respectively)

Strenuous exercise can sometimes cause additional protein to be present in the urine.

Diagnosis

The most common test that will be administered is a urine dip test strip, which reviews its content and makeup. If glomerular disease (a condition where the kidneys cannot process waste) is suspected, a kidney biopsy may be recommended.

The veterinarian will look to identify the underlying cause for the abnormal protein level to be present in the cat’s urine. If it the condition is believed to be a sign of something more serious, X-rays and ultrasounds may be used to determine the cause.

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A product made of fluid, cell waste, and cells

The presence of pus in the urine

Protein found in the urine

The collection of fluid in the tissue

The amount of pressure applied by the blood on the arteries.

The process of removing tissue to examine it, usually for medical reasons.

Article source: http://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/urinary/c_ct_proteinuria

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Renal Tubular Acidosis in Dogs

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a rare syndrome, characterized by an excess of acids in the dog’s blood. This is due to the kidney’s inability to excrete sufficient acid through the urine. Dogs with RTA will also have abnormal levels of potassium in the blood. This condition occurs as a part of the metabolic process, by which food is transformed into energy. And although RTA is seen in both cats and dogs, it rarely occurs in cats. If you would like to learn more about how this disease affects cats, please visit a target=”this page in the PetMD health library.

Symptoms and Types

Some common symptoms which may be observed include:

• Fever
• Panting
• Lethargy
• Dehydration
• Weight loss
• Muscle weakness
• Lack of appetite (anorexia)
• Bloody urine (hematuria)
• Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
• Frequent urination (polyuria)
• Difficulty urinating (due to bladder stones)

There are two primary RTA types: type 1 RTA (or distal), involves reduced hydrogen ion secretion in the kidney, and type 2 RTA (or proximal), which is characterized by the inability to excrete acid into the urine. Abnormal metabolic processing of bicarbonates is referred to as metabolic acidosis, and is marked by abnormally high levels of acids in the blood, and abnormally low levels of acids in the urine.

Type 2 proximal renal tubular acidosis has been documented in dogs in association with Fanconi syndrome, a genetically recessive disease of the kidneys in which the kidneys are unable to reabsorb phosphate, glucose, and amino acids, spilling them into the urine. This activity causes an imbalance of acids in the blood, leading to renal tubular acidosis. 

Causes

Some of the common underlying causes of RTA include infection of the kidney and ureter(s), and feline hepatic lipidosis, a type of liver disease. However, there are times when the RTA is idiopathic.

Diagnosis

Your veterinarian will perform a complete physical exam on your dog, including a blood chemical profile, a complete blood count, a urinalysis and an electrolyte panel. Your veterinarian will use the results of the blood work to rule out, or confirm an underlying systemic disease. You will need to provide a thorough history of your dog’s health leading up to the onset of symptoms.

The results from a blood gases analysis, along with the results of the electrolyte panel, should indicate a normal anion gap (sum of the cations minus the anions in the plasma) with metabolic acidosis, indicating that the alkaline urine is abnormal. This is a key diagnostic feature of type 1 RTA.

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The prediction of a disease’s outcome in advance

Excessive urination

Something that is related to the whole body and not just one particular part or organ

The tubular shaft found between the kidneys and the bladder

An in-depth examination of the properties of urine; used to determine the presence or absence of illness

A medical condition involving excessive thirst

Relating to a disease of unknown origin, which may or may not have arisen spontaneously

The furthest distance from the middle or the top of a body

Organic substances that aid in the creation of proteins; also the end product of the decomposition of certain proteins.

Blood in the urine

Referring to the liver

A condition of the body in which pH levels are abnormally low.

An atom that has a positive or negative charge

Article source: http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/urinary/c_multi_renal_tubular_acidosis

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Hyperviscosity Syndrome in Cats

Thickening of the blood, medically referred to as hyperviscosity, or high blood viscosity, typically results from markedly high concentration of blood plasma proteins, although it can also result (rarely) from an extremely high red blood cell count. It is most frequently seen as a paraneoplastic syndrome (the consequence of the presence of cancer in the body), and is often associated with multiple myeloma (a cancer of the plasma cell) and other lymphoid tumors or leukemias.

The clinical signs that are associated with hyperviscosity are caused by reduced blood flow through smaller vessels, high plasma volume, and associated coagulopathy (a defect in the body’s mechanism for blood clotting). There are no gender or breed predilections, and though it is generally rare in cats, when it does occur, it is more frequently found in older cats.

Symptoms and Types

• No consistent signs
• Loss of appetite (anorexia)
• Lethargy
• Depression
• Excessive urination and excessive thirst
• Blindness, unsteadiness
• Bleeding tendencies
• Seizures and disorientation
• Rapid heartbeat and rapid breathing if congestive heart failure present owing to volume overload
• Nosebleed or other bleeding in the mucus membranes
• Visual deficits associated with engorged retinal vessels, retinal hemorrhage or detachment, and optic swelling

Causes

• Multiple myeloma and plasma cell tumors
• Lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma
• Marked polycythemia (a net increase in the total number of blood cells)
• Chronic atypical inflammation with monoclonal gammopathy (in which an abnormal protein has been detected in the blood)
• Chronic autoimmune disease (e.g., systemic lupus rheumatoid arthritis)

Diagnosis

Hyperviscosity is a syndrome, not a final diagnosis; however, your veterinarian will want to know what accounts for the symptoms. veterinarian will perform a thorough physical exam on your cat, taking into account the background history of symptoms and possible incidents that might have led to this condition. A complete blood profile will be conducted, including a chemical blood profile, a complete blood count, and a urinalysis. Your doctor will be specifically looking at total plasma protein count and evidence of blood disorders. Once a diagnosis has been confirmed, your veterinarian will work out a treatment plan.  

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A type of tumor made up of certain cells in the bone marrow

A type of slime that is made up of certain salts, cells, or leukocytes

A condition of different cells; means extra erythrocytes

Something that is related to the whole body and not just one particular part or organ

An in-depth examination of the properties of urine; used to determine the presence or absence of illness

A term for a type of neoplasm that is made up of lymphoid tissue; these masses are usually malignant in nature

Any tissue belonging to the lymphatic system

Deviating from the normal; not typical.

Any disease in which an animal’s body creates antibodies that are used against itself.

Extreme loss of blood

An increase in the number of bad white blood cells

A medical condition in which the joints become inflamed and causes a great deal of pain.

Article source: http://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/cardiovascular/c_ct_hyperviscosity_syndrome

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Ethanol Toxicosis in Dogs

Ethanol poisoning (toxicosis) occurs from exposure to the chemical ethanol, either orally or through the skin, and results most commonly in a depression of the central nervous system — expressed in the animal as drowsiness, lack of coordination or unconsciousness. Other effects may include damage to body cells, and symptoms such as incontinence, slowed heart rate, and even heart attack.

Ethanol poisoning is seen frequently in dogs, and occurs due to exposure to dyes, inks, disinfectants, mouthwashes, paints, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, gasoline, and certain beverages.

Symptoms and Types

Symptoms of ethanol poisoning vary depending on the amount ingested, and whether the dog’s stomach is full or empty. The main symptom is a depressed central nervous system, which may develop 15 to 30 minutes after ingestion on an empty stomach, and up to two hours later when ingested on a full stomach.

Other symptoms include urinating or defecating involuntarily. Higher doses of ethanol ingestion can lead to behavioral changes ranging from depression to excitement, decreased body temperature (hypothermia), slow reflexes, and flatulence if bread dough is the source of ethanol (see causes, below). Signs of advanced ethanol poisoning include depression, slowed breathing and heart rate, an increase in total body acid (metabolic acidosis), and heart attack. If left untreated, this can result in the dog’s death.

Symptoms of ethanol poisoning may also be similar to early stages of antifreeze (ethylene glycol) poisoning.

Causes

Ethanol poisoning can occur from ingesting a variety of products. Fermented products such as bread dough and rotten apples, which dogs may find in the garbage, may be one case. Other accidental instances may occur from spilled beverages, commercial products, or medications containing alcohol. Exposure of alcohol-containing products through the skin is also possible.

Some cases of intentional ethanol poisoning have been reported, as dogs may readily consume alcoholic beverages if offered by an owner unaware of the consequences.

Diagnosis

Ethanol poisoning can be diagnosed via blood tests measuring blood-ethanol concentration. A urine test for low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) may also point to ethanol poisoning, as well as a pH test measuring for heightened acid levels in the body.

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To slow something down or cause it to stop

The group of processes that involve the use of nutrients by the body

A body temperature that is too low

Low amounts of glucose in the blood

A medical condition in which the body has lost fluid or water in excessive amounts

A condition of the body in which pH levels are abnormally low.

Article source: http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/neurological/c_dg_ethanol_toxicosis

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Hyperphosphatemia in Cats

Hyperphosphatemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which abnormally elevated levels of phosphate are present in the cat’s blood. It can occur at any age but is more common in kittens or old cats with kidney problems. Additionally, cats with bone diseases and calcium deficiency are susceptible to hyperphosphatemia.

Hyperphosphatemia can affect both dogs and cats. If you would like to learn more about how the condition affects dogs, please visit this page in the PetMD health library.

Symptoms and Types

Although there are no specific signs directly attributable to the condition, symptoms will depend on the underlying cause of hyperphosphatemia. In acute cases, painful muscular spasms and tremors may be seen due to low levels of calcium.

Causes

Vast quantities of phosphorous are located in the bones and teeth, bonded with calcium. Therefore, bone diseases or problems such as bone resorption can cause excessive phosphates to be released in the cat’s bloodstream. Other underlying factors for hyperphosphatemia include:

• Bone cancer
• Osteoporosis
• Kidney disease
• Thyroid disease
• Excessive dietary supplementation (e.g., vitamin D overdose)

Diagnosis

As no particular symptom is related to this condition, most cases are diagnosed with routine laboratory testing such as complete blood count, biochemistry profile, and urinalysis (which should show abnormally elevated levels of phosphate). Additionally, bone X-rays are performed to rule out any potential bone diseases or maladies.

X-rays are also used to evaluate the size and symmetry of kidneys, which will help the veterinarian identify abnormalities related to the disease. Calcium levels, meanwhile, are frequently found to be abnormally elevated (hypercalcemia), although in some cases the levels are abnormally low (hypocalcemia), as in vitamin D intoxication.

In case of diseases related to thyroid gland, your veterinarian may also conduct tests to evaluate thyroid gland functions and hormone levels for diagnosis.

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An in-depth examination of the properties of urine; used to determine the presence or absence of illness

A gland found in the neck of humans and animals that secretes glands responsible for metabolic rate, calcitonin, and others.

A low level of calcium in the blood

Term used to imply that a situation or condition is more severe than usual; also used to refer to a disease having run a short course or come on suddenly.

Article source: http://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/cardiovascular/c_ct_hyperphosphatemia

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Ovarian Remnant Syndrome in Dogs

Surgical removal of the uterus and ovaries in a female dog is called an ovariohysterectomy. This type of surgery results in the cessation of subsequent estrus (heat) symptoms in the female. However, sometimes after an ovariohysterectomy, some female dogs continue to exhibit the behavioral and/or physical signs pertaining to estrus. This is typically found to be the result of ovary tissue being left behind. If such tissue remains functional and continues to secrete hormones, behavioral and/or physical signs of estrus in the female dog are seen. Such symptoms are usually seen within a few days after surgery and are not uncommon after an ovariohysterectomy.

Symptoms and Types

• Swelling of the vulva
• Vaginal discharge
• Attraction of male dogs
• Passive interaction with male dogs
• May allow sexual intercourse to take place

Causes

• Failure to remove both ovaries completely during surgery
• Presence of abnormal ovarian tissue
• Supernumerary ovary (excessive number of ovaries – rare)

Diagnosis

You will need to give a thorough medical history of your dog’s health, onset of symptoms, and when your dog had the ovariohysterectomy. The history will usually include behavioral changes and signs of estrus that have occurred even after a successful surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus had been done. After taking a complete history, your veterinarian will conduct a complete physical examination. Standard laboratory tests will include a complete blood count (CBC), biochemistry profile, and urinalysis. It is not unusual for the results of these tests to return within normal ranges.

More specific tests for measuring your dog’s hormones may show estrogen and progesterone levels that are higher than should be expected in a post-surgery dog. A cytological examination of samples taken from the vagina will also help in determining the status of estrus in your dog. In addition, ultrasound can be used to determine whether any ovarian tissue residues are present. However, in some cases abdominal surgery may be required to confirm the presence of ovarian tissue. If this is found to be the case, removal of these residual tissues can take place at that time.

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The hollow bodily organ that holds the embryo and fetus and provides nourishment; only found in female animals.

The genitalia of a female; found on the outside

An in-depth examination of the properties of urine; used to determine the presence or absence of illness

A hormone that is created at the time of pregnancy

The time period in which a female is receptive to male attention

The type of female hormone produced in the ovaries that contributes to sex drive and female characteristics

Article source: http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/reproductive/c_dg_ovarian_remnant_syndrome

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Hypermagnesemia in Cats

Electrolytes are required in the body for many vital functions, like keeping fluid balance, normal heart and brain functions, delivery of oxygen, and many more. Magnesium, after potassium, is the second most abundant positively charged electrolyte found inside cells. Bones and muscles contain a major portion of magnesium in the body. Hypermagnesemia is the term used to denote abnormally high levels of magnesium in the body. Higher levels of magnesium can result in serious complications like impaired nerve impulses (signals), as well as cardiac problems.

It is uncommon in cats, mostly seen in patients with underlying kidney diseases. High level of magnesium may result in life-threatening conditions, including those of the nervous system and the heart.

Symptoms and Types

Hypermagnesemia leads to the progressive loss of respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, and muscle functions — all of which can be fatal in the dog. Other symptoms associated with this issue include:

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Weakness
• Lowered heart rate
• Paralysis
• Mental depression
• Poor reflexes
• Respiratory depression
• Cardiac arrest
• Coma

Causes

• Kidney failure
• Poor intestinal motility
• Constipation
• Administration of high levels of magnesium
• Endocrine disorders (e.g., hypoadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism)

Diagnosis

After recording a detailed history from you, the veterinarian will perform a complete physical examination. Routine laboratory tests include: a complete blood count, biochemistry profile, and urinalysis. These tests help determine the levels of magnesium in the blood, which will record more than normal in affected cats. Abnormally high levels of calcium are also found in affected cats. As hypermagnesemia mostly occurs in patients with kidney problems, urinalysis and other laboratory tests may reveal abnormalities related to an underlying disease. Additionally, your veterinarian will perform an electrocardiography (ECG), as characteristic ECG changes are seen in patients with hypermagnesemia.

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An in-depth examination of the properties of urine; used to determine the presence or absence of illness

A bundle of fibers that are used in the process of sending impulses through the body

Eliminating or the material that has actually been eliminated

Article source: http://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/cardiovascular/c_ct_hypermagnesemia

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